Tipologías de mayores de 65 años en España según la Encuesta Europea de Salud / Typologies of people over 65 in Spain according to the European Health Survey

Introducción: Numerosas organizaciones e instituciones alertan sobre la necesidad de realizar actividad física por los múltiples beneficios que aporta a la salud de la población. En mayores de 65 años, la realización de algún tipo de actividad repercute directamente en un envejecimiento más saludable, una mejor gestión de los procesos degenerativos y todas aquellas enfermedades asociadas con la edad. Objetivo: Conocer el estado de salud y actividad física de los mayores de 65 años en España e identificar tipologías de población para poder establecer estrategias de promoción de la salud específicas. Método: Estudio transversal descriptivo en una muestra formada por 7.167 individuos con datos recogidos durante los años 2019 y 2020 procedentes de la Encuesta Europea de Salud en España. Se seleccionan variables sociodemográficas y relacionadas con la actividad física y el estado de salud. Se realiza un análisis de clases latentes para analizar características en subgrupos de población mayor de 65 años. Resultados: Se encuentran 5 subgrupos de población, donde solo uno, que representa al 21,35% de los mayores, tiene una buena percepción de su salud y realiza actividad física de forma habitual. Conclusión: La mayor parte de la población española mayor de 65 años, a pesar de no padecer problemas de salud limitantes, presenta altos niveles de sedentarismo y obesidad. Es necesario promover políticas de envejecimiento saludable atendiendo a las características de los subgrupos de población mayor de 65 años, generando así una mayor autopercepción y consciencia hacia un estilo de vida saludable y activo. (AU)

Introduction: Numerous organizations and institutions warn of the need for physical activity due to the multiple benefits it brings to the health of the population. In people over 65 years of age, doing some type of activity has a direct impact on healthy ageing. Objective: To find out the state of health and physical activity of people over 65 years of age in Spain and to identify population typologies in order to establish specific health promotion strategies. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study using a sample formed by 7167 older adults with data collected during the years 2019 and 2020 from the European Health Survey in Spain. Sociodemographic variables related to physical activity and health status were selected. A latent class analysis was carried out to analyze characteristics in subgroups of the population over 65 years of age. Results: Five population subgroups were found where only one, representing 21.35% of the older adult, had a good perception of their health and regularly engaged in physical activity. Conclusion: Most of the Spanish population over 65 years, despite not suffering from limiting health problems, has high levels of sedentary lifestyles and obesity. It is necessary to promote healthy ageing policies taking into account the characteristics of the subgroups of the population over 65 years of age. (AU)

[Typologies of people over 65 in Spain according to the European Health Survey]. / Tipologías de mayores de 65 años en España según la Encuesta Europea de Salud.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous organizations and institutions warn of the need for physical activity due to the multiple benefits it brings to the health of the population. In people over 65 years of age, doing some type of activity has a direct impact on healthy ageing. OBJECTIVE: To find out the state of health and physical activity of people over 65 years of age in Spain and to identify population typologies in order to establish specific health promotion strategies. METHOD: Descriptive cross-sectional study using a sample formed by 7167 older adults with data collected during the years 2019 and 2020 from the European Health Survey in Spain. Sociodemographic variables related to physical activity and health status were selected. A latent class analysis was carried out to analyze characteristics in subgroups of the population over 65 years of age. RESULTS: Five population subgroups were found where only one, representing 21.35% of the older adult, had a good perception of their health and regularly engaged in physical activity. CONCLUSION: Most of the Spanish population over 65 years, despite not suffering from limiting health problems, has high levels of sedentary lifestyles and obesity. It is necessary to promote healthy ageing policies taking into account the characteristics of the subgroups of the population over 65 years of age.

Comunidades ribeirinhas do Amazonas têm conhecimento sobre cárie dentária: resultado da educação em saúde bucal / Knowledge about dental caries among ribeirinhos: result of oral health education / Comunidades ribereñas del Amazonas tienen conocimiento sobre la caries dental: resultado de la educación en salud bucal

O Amazonas é o maior estado brasileiro em extensão territorial, com uma parcela significativa da população vivendo em torno dos rios, as chamadas comunidades ribeirinhas. O acesso aos serviços de saúde por essas comunidades é limitado, levando à criação de projetos de saúde pública para prevenção e tratamento de doenças, assim como ações de educação em saúde. Diversas organizações não governamentais (ONG) e equipes de saúde atuam nessas comunidades com projetos de educação em saúde. Neste artigo, verificou-se a percepção dos pais sobre a saúde bucal de seus filhos e a importância dos cuidados da dentição decídua para prevenção da cárie dentária. Para isso, foram entrevistados trezentos pais ou responsáveis por crianças de zero a sete anos em comunidades ribeirinhas localizadas em três municípios do Amazonas (Parintins, Nhamundá e Barreirinha ­ N = 300, cem em cada município). A partir das entrevistas, pode-se concluir que as mães foram as principais respondentes (80%), cuja renda familiar é de até um salário mínimo (91%). Além disso, a maioria tinha conhecimentos sobre cárie dentária (56%), bem como já recebeu alguma orientação sobre como escovar os dentes (41%). Todas as crianças possuem escova de dentes e 94% delas utilizam dentifrício na escovação. Por fim, os pais foram considerados os principais responsáveis pela escovação dentária supervisionada de seus filhos (87%), embora apenas 44% deles a realize. Portanto, neste artigo, demonstra-se a efetividade das ações e dos projetos aplicados em comunidades ribeirinhas em relação à cárie dentária, ainda que exista a necessidade da continuidade dessas ações para mudanças efetivas de hábitos, impactando positivamente a saúde bucal das crianças ribeirinhas do Amazonas.

Amazonas is the largest Brazilian state in land area, with a significant portion of its population living near rivers, the so-called ribeirinhos. Since access to health care services by these communities is limited, specific public health actions and projects for health prevention, treatment and education are created. Several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and health care teams work on health education projects on these communities. Given this context, this study investigated how parents perceived their children's oral health and the importance of deciduous dentition care for preventing dental caries. Data was collected by a questionnaire applied to 300 parents or guardians of children aged 0 to 7 years from three municipalities of Amazonas (Parintins, Nhamundá and Barreirinhas ­ 100 each). Mothers (80%) and homes living with a family income of up to 1 minimum wage (91%) comprised most of the sample. Most parents had knowledge about dental caries (56%) and had received some guidance on how to brush their children's teeth (41%). All children have a toothbrush and 94% of them use toothpaste. Finally, parents consider themselves the main responsible for supervised brushing (87%), although only 44% of them perform it. In conclusion, these findings attest to the effectiveness of actions and projects carried out in ribeirinho communities regarding dental caries, although continued actions are needed to change habits and positively impact the oral health of ribeirinho children living in Amazonas.

Amazonas es el estado brasileño más grande en extensión territorial, con una porción significativa de la población que vive alrededor de los ríos, las llamadas comunidades ribereñas. El acceso a los servicios de salud por parte de estas comunidades es limitado, lo que lleva a la creación de acciones y proyectos de salud pública para la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades, así como acciones de la educación en salud. Son varias las ONG que trabajan en estas comunidades con proyectos de educación en salud. En este artículo se evaluó la percepción de los padres sobre la salud bucal de sus hijos y la importancia de cuidar la dentición primaria en la prevención de la caries dental. Para ello, se entrevistaron a los padres o tutores de niños de 0 a 7 años, en las comunidades ribereñas de tres municipios de Amazonas (Parintins, Nhamundá y Barreirinhas ­N = 300, cien en cada municipio). Los resultados muestran que la madre fue la principal respondiente de la entrevista (80%), con un ingreso familiar de hasta 1 salario mínimo brasileño (91%). La mayoría tiene conocimiento sobre la caries dental (56%) y ya había recibido alguna orientación sobre cómo cepillarse los dientes (41%). Todos los niños tienen un cepillo de dientes, y el 94% de ellos usa pasta de dientes. Los padres se consideran los principales responsables del cepillado supervisado de sus hijos (87%), aunque solo el 44% de ellos lo realizan en sus hijos. Este artículo demuestra la efectividad de las acciones y proyectos llevados a cabo en comunidades ribereñas con respecto a la caries dental, pero es necesario continuar con estas acciones para que tengamos cambios en los hábitos e impactos positivos en la salud bucal de los niños que viven en las comunidades ribereñas del Amazonas.

Percepción de salud y bienestar en la vejez / Perception of health and well-being

Tomando los aportes de la Psicología Positiva, este estudio buscó identificar la relación entre la valoración del bienestar y la percepción de salud en un grupo de adultos de entre 65 y 100 años de edad, a fin de brindar datos que generen una comprensión científica más completa y equilibrada y que promuevan una vida saludable, productiva y significativa dentro de este grupo etario. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que existe una relación directa entre las tres dimensiones del bienestar y la percepción de salud valorada por los adultos mayores. A la vez, se reflejó que el aspecto emocional o subjetivo del bienestar fue el que presentó un mayor índice de correlación con la percepción de salud en los adultos mayores. Además, se observó que el 50% percibió su estado de salud actual como bueno, seguido de muy bueno, y que predominaron altos puntajes de bienestar psicológico y emocional, mientras que bajas puntuaciones del componente social. (AU)

Taking into consideration the contributions of Positive Psychology, this study seeks to identify the relationship between the assessment of well-being and the perception of health in a group of senior adults aged between 65 and 100 years old, in order to provide data to generate a more complete and balanced scientific understanding of what promotes a healthy, productive and meaningful life within this age group. The results obtained indicate that there is a direct relationship among the three dimensions of well-being and the perception of health, as valued by senior adults. Also evident was the fact that the emotional or subjective aspects of well-being are the ones that presented a higher correlation index with perception of health in senior adults. In addition, it was observed that 50% perceived their current state of health as good, followed by very good, and that high scores of psychological and emotional wellbeing predominated, but the scores for the social component were low. (AU)

Personal and Social Factors Associated with Major Depression Disorder, Medellín (Colombia), 2012 / Factores personales y sociales asociados al trastorno de depresión mayor, medellín (colombia), 2012

Resumen Introducción: actualmente más de 350 millones personas de todas las edades viven en el mundo con trastorno de depresión mayor, siendo este un problema común en la población general que por la persistencia y la severidad de los síntomas que presenta afecta las esferas personal y social de los individuos. Objetivo: determinar los factores personales y sociales asociados al trastorno de depresión mayor en la población de 13 a 65 años de edad de la ciudad de Medellín en el periodo 2011-2012. Materiales y métodos: se analizó la información obtenida en el Primer estudio de salud mental poblacional representativo de hogares para la ciudad de Medellín recopilada a través de entrevistas, realizadas con el World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Se tomaron 4.176 registros. El procesamiento de la información se realizó mediante el programa SPSS versión 21.0 (Licencia Universidad CES). Resultados: la prevalencia para el trastorno de depresión mayor anual en la ciudad de Medellín en el año 2012 fue de 4,1 %. Las mujeres presentaron 2,4 veces más el riesgo de estar afectadas por trastorno de depresión mayor en comparación a los hombres. Tener una percepción regular/mala sobre la salud mental representa un riesgo 6,0 veces mayor que tener una percepción muy buena/excelente; presentar un grado medio de resiliencia representa casi 2 veces más el riesgo de presentar trastorno de depresión mayor en comparación con los que presentan un grado alto de resiliencia, y no poder desahogarse con la familia representa un riesgo de 1,9 veces en comparación a los que sí pueden hacerlo. Conclusiones: los factores personales que se asocian al trastorno de depresión mayor son ser mujer, tener una regular o mala percepción sobre su propia salud mental, no hacer ejercicio, presentar un grado medio de resiliencia; mientras que entre los factores sociales asociados se destacaron aspectos relacionados con la familia como no poder desahogarse y que ésta constantemente realice demandas a sus integrantes.

Abstract Introduction: mental disorders are one of the major health problems worldwide, more than 350 million people of all ages are facing major depressive disorder; this is being a common problem in the general population and its persistence and harshness of the symptoms affect personal and social aspects of an individual. Objective: Determining personal and social facts associated to the major depression disorder, in a population aged from 13 to 65 years old, in Medellin city, during 2011-2012 years. Materials and methods: It was analyzed the information obtained in the First Population Mental Health Survey representative of households for Medellin city, collected through interviews and conducted in cooperation with the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. 4,176 records were taken. The information processing was performed using the SPSS software version 21.0 (License for use of CES University). Results: The prevalence for major depressive disorder in the city of Medellin in 2012 was 4.1 %. Women were 2.4 times more likely to be affected by major depressive disorder compared to men. Having a fair / poor perception of mental health represents a 6.0 higher risk than having a very good / excellent perception; Presenting an average degree of resilience would represents almost 2 times of the risk of having major depressive disorder compared to those with a high degree of resilience, and who are not able to relieve oneself with their family represents a risk of 1.9 times in comparison to those who can do it. Conclusions: personal factors associated with major depressive disorder include facts such as: being female, having fair or poor mental health perception, not exercising, having an average degree of resilience; while in terms of the social aspects, they were highlighted aspects related to family, as it is the case of not being heard and being demanded constantly by the family members.

[Well-being, quality of life and affect regulation in Portuguese adolescents]. / Bienestar, calidad de vida y regulación afectiva en adolescentes portugueses.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to examine the emotional regulation, quality of life, and subjective well-being in adolescence, taking into account individual and family differences, as well as gender, age and educationlevel of parents. Relationships between the questionnaires wariables were also considered. DESIGN: Descriptive-comparative, cross-sectional, and quantitative study. LOCATION: Two schools in the north of Portugal. PARTICIPANTS: The sample was selected for convenience due to geographic proximity. INCLUSION CRITERIA: adolescents with age between 12 and 18 years old, from compulsory courses and without any special difficulty. Total sample: 619, valid sample: 602. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Personal Wellness; Health Questionnaire SF-8 (quality of life); and the Measurement of Affect Regulation Styles-trait version Questionnaire. RESULTS: There were no differences between well-being and gender. Health perception is better for boys, and affect regulation for girls. In relation to age, there are negative correlations mainly with variables from the health questionnaire. Significant differences in relation to study level of parents were observed. Main correlations were found between wellness and health variables. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of the education level of parents and age have differentiating role, mainly for well-being and quality of life. From a promotion of wellness perspective in adolescence, potential of health perception and some emotional regulation strategies should be considered in interventions and health education strategy.

Opiniones de menores residentes en Andalucía (España) sobre temas de salud: Aplicación de un cuestionario por Internet / Opinions of minor children residing in Andalusia (Spain) on health-related topics: An online questionnaire

Objetivo: Analizar opiniones de menores sobre el concepto de salud, centros y profesionales sanitarios así como recomendaciones en forma de consejos sobre promoción de salud. Métodos: Estudio transversal con cuestionario online dirigido a menores de 14 años de edad. Se utilizó una versión adaptada del cuestionario Kid's Hospital, el cual contiene preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Resultados: Contestaron al cuestionario 358 menores, de los cuales 225 fueron niñas (61,3%). La edad media global fue de 9,2(DE 2,61). Asocian buena salud con la ausencia de enfermedad (n=165, 46,1%) y estar en forma (n=151, 42,2%) ; sobre experiencias de la última visita al médico, reconocen el papel de ayuda y mediación de estos profesionales (n=233, 65,1%); destacan la ayuda y la recuperación como lo mejor de la atención, y como lo peor los pinchazos y el dolor padecido. De los consejos emitidos para promoción de salud destacan aquellos sobre alimentación (n=233, 62,3%). Conclusiones: Los cuestionarios online a menores, constituyen una forma útil de recolección de información. Así, estas consultas directas permiten la participación de los niños y niñas o de los menores y proporcionan información útil para adecuar las intervenciones de cara a fomentar la promoción entre iguales, así como sobre sus preferencias en el diseño de intervenciones.

Objective: To analyze opinions of minors regarding the concept of health, health centers, and professionals, as well as providing them with recommendations on health promotion in the form of health promotion advice. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with an online questionnaire aimed to kids below 14. An adapted version of Kid's Hospital questionnaire was utilized, which has both open and closed questions. Results: 358 minors answered the questionnaire, 225 of which were girls (61.3%). The mean global age was 9.2 years (SD 2.61). They associated good health with the absence of illnesses (n=165, 46.1%) and being in shape (n=151, 42.2%). Regarding their experiences about their last doctor's appointment, they acknowledged the aiding and mediation role of these professionals as the best features of the assistance (n=233, 65.1%) and the pain suffered and syringe jabs as the worst ones. They also highlighted healthy eating advice from the health promotion advice given (n=233, 62.3%). Discussion: Online questionnaires for minors are a useful data collection tool. These direct queries allow them to participate and provide useful information to adequate medical interventions in order to develop actions for health promotion, as well as taking their opinions into account when designing interventions.

Repercusión del optimismo y de los Cinco Grandes factores de la personalidad sobre la salud de personas mayores / Impact of Optimism and the "Big Five" Personality Factors on Older Persons' Health

Este trabajo analiza la influencia del Optimismo Disposicional y los Cinco Grandes factores de la personalidad en la percepción de salud de los mayores, así como el análisis que optimistas y pesimistas realizan respecto a su salud. La muestra está formada de 498 personas mayores (M = 63.3 años y DE = 8.55). Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que las personas optimistas muestran mejor percepción de su salud y menores niveles de Disfunción Social y Depresión. El factor Neuroticismo influye en los Síntomas Somáticos, Ansiedad, Disfunción Social y Depresión y es un factor clave en la relación que se establece entre el Optimismo Disposicional y la subescala de Depresión. Por otra parte, el Optimismo, solo influye directamente en la subescala Disfunción Social.

This work studies the influence of Dispositional Optimism and the "Big Five" personality factors on older peoples' self-rated health and it examines optimists' and pessimists' analyses of their own health. The sample is made up of 498 older people (M = 63.3 years and SD = 8.55). The results reveal that optimists have a better perception of their health and lower levels of social dysfunction and depression. The Neuroticism factor affects to the Somatic Symptoms, Anxiety, Social Dysfunction, and Depression; and is a key factor in the relation established between Dispositional Optimism and the subscale of Depression. However, Optimism only directly affects the subscale Social Dysfunction.

The effect of an educational intervention to improve patient antibiotic adherence during dispensing in a community pharmacy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention on antibiotic adherence and patient-reported resolution of symptoms. DESIGN: A controlled experimental study with systematic assignment to groups. SETTING: A pharmacy in Murcia. Participants were patients who came to the pharmacy with a prescription for antibiotics. Intervention provided information on treatment characteristics (duration, dose and method of use) and correct compliance. A control group received routine care. Main variables "treatment adherence" and "perceived health" were evaluated one week after dispensation by telephone interview. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients completed the study, 62 in the Control Group (CG) and 64 in the Intervention Group (IG). There were no differences between the groups in baseline characteristics, including the level of knowledge before the intervention. At the end of the study, treatment adherence in the CG was 48.4% (CI: 36.4-60.6), compared with 67.2% (CI: 55.0-77.4) in the IG. The difference of 18.8% was statistically significant (p=0.033; 95% CI=15.8-34.6). Non-compliance through missing more than one dose was 81.2% in the CG versus 38.1% in the IG, which is a statistically significant difference of 43.1% (p=0.001; 95% CI=16.4-63.1%). No significant differences were found in patient-perceived health. Logistic regression showed as predictor of adherence, the medication knowledge and the coincidence between duration of treatment indicated by physician and duration of treatment written in the prescription. CONCLUSIONS: An educational intervention during antibiotic dispensation improves treatment adherence versus routine care.

Calidad de vida y salud oral en unapoblación colombiana con labio y/opaladar fisurado / Quality of life and oral health in a colombian population with cleft lip and/or palate

Objetivo: describir la percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con salud oral en un grupo de población colombiana escolar con labio y/o paladar fisurado (LPF). Métodos: serealizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 71 escolares y 53 padres/acudientes (rangode edad: 8-18 años, promedio: 12,5 años, DE: ± 3,21). Previa firma de consentimiento informado, se aplicaron los cuestionarios COHQoL 8-10 y COHQoL-padres, validados enpoblación canadiense, y traducidos al español para escolares colombianos. Clínicamente, se evaluó la presencia/ausencia de caries cavitacional, aparatología de tipo ortodóntico, fístulas residuales, lesiones de tejidos blandos y ausencias dentales. La información se organizó en una base de datos en Excel Microsoft Office® y se analizó descriptivamente con EPI-INFO-2000. Resultados: el 66,2% de los escolares presentaba fisura unilateral, yel 33,8%, fisura bilateral. El 58% exhibía dentición mixta, y el 42,3% dentición permanente. El 93% tenía aparatología y ausencias dentales; el 59,2%, fístulas residuales; el 14,1%,caries cavitacional, y el 11,3%, lesiones de tejidos blandos. Respecto a la percepción de su salud oral, el 76% de los encuestados creía que estaba bien/muy bien; el 56,3% nuncase sintió molesto a causa de sus dientes. En general, los padres calificaron la salud oral de sus hijos como buena. Conclusión: la percepción general de la calidad de vida del grupoestudiado, en relación con la salud oral y según el instrumento aplicado, reportada por los niños y padres, fue positiva. No se exploraron asociaciones estadísticas. Respecto al métodode recolección empleado, es necesario desarrollar un instrumento específico para LPH que permita entender el impacto de esta condición en el bienestar de las personas...

Objective: Describe quality-of-life perception regarding oral health in a group of Colombian schoolchildren with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP). Methods: A cross-sectional study with 71 students (age range 8-18 years old, mean 12.5 years, SD ± 3.21) and 53 parents/caregivers was conducted. After obtaining signed informed consent, a Spanish version of the Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life Questionnaire COHQoL 8-10 and COHQoL-parents (validated in Canadian population) was used. Presence of dental cavities, orthodontic appliances, residualfistulas, soft tissue lesions and missed teeth were reviewed through clinical inspection. Data were organized in an Excel Microsoft Office® database and analyzed descriptively through the EPI-INFO-2000. Results: 66.2% of schoolchildren had unilateral CLP and 33.8% had bilateral CLP. 58% were in the period of mixed dentition and 42.3% had permanent dentition. 93% had orthodontic appliances and missing teeth, 59.2% residual fistulas,14.1% dental cavities, and 11.3% soft tissue lesions. Regarding the oral health perception, 76% interviewees thought they had good/very good oral health status; 56.3% was neverbothered with dental issues. In general, parents thought their children’s oral health was good. Conclusion: Children and parents’ general perception of their quality of life regarding oral health status, according to the questionnaire used, was positive. No inferential statisticalanalysis was carried out. Regarding the data collection method used, it is necessary to develop a more specific instrument for CLP, in order to understand the impact of thiscondition in peoples’ wellbeing...